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ARTICULATION DISORDERS

Including Articulation (specific sounds) and Phonological Processes (sound patterns)​

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  • Reduplication- when a person repeats a patter (i.e. wawa for 'water')
  • Regressive assimilation- when a later occuring sound effects an earlier sound (i.e. guck for 'duck'), progressive assimilation- when an earlier sound effects a later occuring sound (i.e. bip for 'zip')
  • Voicing assimilation- when all consonants become voiced (i.e. bad for 'pad')
  • Devoicing assimilation- when all consonants become unvoiced (i.e. pik for 'pig')

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  • Gliding (i.e. wamp for 'lamp', yejow for 'yellow', and wabbit for 'rabbit')
  • Velar fronting (i.e. tup for 'cup' or dive for 'give')
  • Stopping (when a fricative 'f,v,s,z,sh,voiced and voiceless th, h, zh' is replaced with a stop 'p,b,t,d,k,g') as in dip for 'ship'
  • Backing (i.e. cop for 'top' or gog for 'dog')

Defined: An articulation disorder involves problems making sounds within words. Sounds can be substituted, left off, and/or added. These errors may make it hard for people to understand you. Not all sound substitutions, omissions and/or additions are speech errors. Instead, they may be related to a feature of a dialect or accent. A phonological process disorder involves patterns of sound errors.



Major Categories of Phonological Processes:



Substitution Processes- This is a group of phonolgical processes in which one class of sounds is substituted for another. This may include:























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Assimilation Processes- The production of dissimilar phonemes sound alike. This may include:



























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​Syllable Structure Processes- These processes affect the structure of entire syllables, not just certain sounds. This may include:

  • Unstressed or weak-syllable deletion- involves omission of an unstresed syllable (i.e. mado for 'tomato'), Final-consonant deletion- when the final consonant of a word is omitted (i.e. pa for 'pat')
  • Epenthesis- when a schwa vowel is inserted between the consonants in an initial cluster (i.e. tuhree for 'tree'
  • Consonant-cluster reduction or simplification- when a consonant or consonants in a cluster are deleted (i.e. peed for 'speed')
  • Metathesis- the production of sounds in a word in reversed order, i.e. ephelant for 'elephant')
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